@article {1211, title = {Effects of Human Trampling on Populations of Soil Fauna in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {22}, year = {2008}, month = {12/2008}, pages = {1544-1551}, abstract = {

Antarctic ecosystems are often considered nearly pristine because levels of anthropogenic disturbance are extremely low there. Nevertheless, over recent decades there has been a rapid increase in the number of people, researchers and tourists, visiting Antarctica. We evaluated, over 10 years, the direct impact of foot traffic on the abundance of soil animals and soil properties in Taylor Valley within the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. We compared soils from minimally disturbed areas with soils from nearby paths that received intermediate and high levels of human foot traffic (i.e., up to approximately 80 passes per year). The nematodes Scottnema lindsayae and Eudorylaimus sp. were the most commonly found animal species, whereas rotifers and tardigrades were found only occasionally. On the highly trampled footpaths, abundance of S. lindsayae and Eudorylaimus sp. was up to 52 and 76\% lower, respectively, than in untrampled areas. Moreover, reduction in S. lindsayae abundance was more pronounced after 10 years than 2 years and in the surface soil than in the deeper soil, presumably because of the longer period of disturbance and the greater level of physical disturbance experienced by the surface soil. The ratio of living to dead Eudorylaimus sp. also declined with increased trampling intensity, which is indicative of increased mortality or reduced fecundity. At one site there was evidence that high levels of trampling reduced soil CO2 fluxes, which is related to total biological activity in the soil. Our results show that even low levels of human traffic can significantly affect soil biota in this ecosystem and may alter ecosystem processes, such as carbon cycling. Consequently, management and conservation plans for Antarctic soils should consider the high sensitivity of soil fauna to physical disturbance as human presence in this ecosystem increases.

}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01034.x}, author = {Edward Ayres and Johnson N. Nkem and Diana H. Wall and Byron Adams and John E. Barrett and Broos, E and Andrew N. Parsons and Powers, Laura E. and Breana L. Simmons and Ross A. Virginia} } @article {1347, title = {Variation in biogeochemistry and soil biodiversity across spatial scales in a polar desert}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {85}, year = {2004}, pages = {3105-3118}, abstract = {
Desert ecosystems are characterized by distinct spatial patterning in soil
biogeochemistry and biodiversity. In the Antarctic Dry Valleys, soil polygons are prominent
features of the landscape and may be key units for scaling local ecological information to
the greater region. We examined polygon soils in each of the three basins of Taylor Valley,
Antarctica. Our objectives were to characterize variability in soil biogeochemistry and
biodiversity at local to regional scales, and to test the influence of soil properties upon
invertebrate communities. We found that soil biogeochemical properties and biodiversity
vary over multiple spatial scales from fine (,10 m) to broad (.10 km) scales. Differences
in biogeochemistry were most pronounced at broad scales among the major lake basins of
Taylor Valley corresponding to differences in geology and microclimate, while variation
in invertebrate biodiversity and abundance occurred at landscape scales of 10\–500 m, and
within individual soil polygons. Variation in biogeochemistry and invertebrate communities
across these scales reflects the influence of physical processes and landscape development
over ecosystem structure in the dry valleys. The development of soil polygons influences
the spatial patterning of soil properties such as soil organic matter, salinity, moisture, and
invertebrate habitat suitability. Nematode abundance and life history data indicate that
polygon interiors are more suitable habitats than soils in the troughs at the edges of polygons.
These data suggest that physical processes (i.e., polygon development) and biogeochemistry
are important influences on the spatial variability of biotic communities in dry valley soil
ecosystems.
}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, doi = {10.1890/03-0213}, author = {John E. Barrett and Ross A. Virginia and Diana H. Wall and Andrew N. Parsons and Powers, Laura E. and Melody B. Burkins} } @article {1494, title = {Distribution, Community Structure, and Microhabitats of Soil Invertebrates along an Elevational Gradient in Taylor Valley}, journal = {Alpine and Alpine Research}, volume = {30}, year = {1998}, pages = {133-141}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Powers, Laura E. and Mengchi Ho and Diana W. Freckman and Ross A. Virginia} } @article {1570, title = {Effects of human disturbance on soil nematode populations in Taylor Valley, Antarctica}, journal = {Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America Supplement}, volume = {77}, year = {1996}, pages = {360}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Powers, Laura E. and Diana W. Freckman and Ross A. Virginia} } @article {1593, title = {McMurdo LTER: Soil properties associated with nematode distribution along an elevational transect in Taylor Valley, Antarctica}, journal = {Antarctic Journal of the U.S.}, volume = {30}, year = {1995}, pages = {282-283}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Powers, Laura E. and Diana W. Freckman and Mengchi Ho and Ross A. Virginia} } @article {1603, title = {Soil chemistry along a glacial chronosequence on Andrews Ridge, Taylor Valley}, journal = {Antarctic Journal of the U.S.}, volume = {30}, year = {1995}, pages = {310-311}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Mengchi Ho and Ross A. Virginia and Powers, Laura E. and Diana W. Freckman} } @article {1605, title = {Spatial Distribution of Nematodes in Polar Desert Soils of Antarctica}, journal = {Polar Biology}, volume = {15}, year = {1995}, pages = {325-333}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Powers, Laura E. and Diana W. Freckman and Ross A. Virginia} } @article {1613, title = {Depth distribution of soil nematodes in Taylor Valley, Antarctica}, journal = {Antarctic Journal of the U.S.}, volume = {29}, year = {1994}, pages = {175-176}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Powers, Laura E. and Diana W. Freckman and Ross A. Virginia} } @article {1622, title = {McMurdo LTER:Soil and nematode distribution along an elevational gradient in Taylor Valley, Antarctica}, journal = {Antarctic Journal of the U.S.}, volume = {29}, year = {1994}, pages = {228-229}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Powers, Laura E. and Diana W. Freckman and Mengchi Ho and Ross A. Virginia} } @article {1624, title = {Nematode biodiversity and community structure in Antarctic Polar Desert Soils}, journal = {Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {75}, year = {1994}, pages = {186}, keywords = {LTER-MCM, Biggie}, author = {Powers, Laura E. and Diana W. Freckman and Ross A. Virginia} } @inbook {1625, title = {Nematode biodiversity and survival in Antarctic Dry Valley soils}, booktitle = {SCAR 6th Biology Symposium}, year = {1994}, address = {Venice, Italy}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Diana W. Freckman and Ross A. Virginia and Powers, Laura E.} } @article {1629, title = {Survival of Scottnema lindsayae under extreme osmotic conditions}, journal = {Society of Nematologists}, year = {1994}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Powers, Laura E. and Diana W. Freckman and Ross A. Virginia} }