@article {3219, title = {The spatial structure of Antarctic biodiversity}, journal = {Ecological Monographs}, volume = {84}, year = {2014}, month = {05/2014}, pages = {203 - 244}, abstract = {

Patterns of environmental spatial structure lie at the heart of the most fundamental and familiar patterns of diversity on Earth. Antarctica contains some of the strongest environmental gradients on the planet and therefore provides an ideal study ground to test hypotheses on the relevance of environmental variability for biodiversity. To answer the pivotal question, \“How does spatial variation in physical and biological environmental properties across the Antarctic drive biodiversity?\” we have synthesized current knowledge on environmental variability across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine Antarctic biomes and related this to the observed biotic patterns. The most important physical driver of Antarctic terrestrial communities is the availability of liquid water, itself driven by solar irradiance intensity. Patterns of biota distribution are further strongly influenced by the historical development of any given location or region, and by geographical barriers. In freshwater ecosystems, free water is also crucial, with further important influences from salinity, nutrient availability, oxygenation, and characteristics of ice cover and extent. In the marine biome there does not appear to be one major driving force, with the exception of the oceanographic boundary of the Polar Front. At smaller spatial scales, ice cover, ice scour, and salinity gradients are clearly important determinants of diversity at habitat and community level. Stochastic and extreme events remain an important driving force in all environments, particularly in the context of local extinction and colonization or recolonization, as well as that of temporal environmental variability. Our synthesis demonstrates that the Antarctic continent and surrounding oceans provide an ideal study ground to develop new biogeographical models, including life history and physiological traits, and to address questions regarding biological responses to environmental variability and change.

}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, issn = {0012-9615}, doi = {10.1890/12-2216.1}, url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/12-2216.1}, author = {Peter Convey and Steven L. Chown and Clarke, Andrew and Barnes, David K. A. and Bokhorst, Stef and Vonda Cummings and Hugh W. Ducklow and Francesco Frati and Green, T. G. Allan and Shulamit Gordon and Griffiths, Huw J. and Clive Howard-Williams and Huiskes, Ad H. L. and Johanna Laybourn-Parry and W. Berry Lyons and McMinn, Andrew and Morley, Simon A. and Lloyd S. Peck and Quesada, Antonio and Robinson, Sharon A. and Schiaparelli, Stefano and Diana H. Wall} } @article {3539, title = {Long-term ecosystem networks to record change: an international imperative}, journal = {Antarctic Science}, volume = {23}, year = {2011}, month = {06/2011}, pages = {209}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, issn = {0954-1020}, doi = {10.1017/S0954102011000319}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0954102011000319}, author = {Diana H. Wall and W. Berry Lyons and Steven L. Chown and Peter Convey and Clive Howard-Williams and Quesada, Antonio and Warwick F. Vincent} } @inbook {1215, title = {Ice-based freshwater ecosystems}, booktitle = {Polar Lakes and Rivers: Limnology of Arctic and Antarctic Aquatic Ecosystems}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, doi = {LTER}, author = {Ian Hawes and Clive Howard-Williams and Andrew G Fountain}, editor = {Warwick F. Vincent and Johanna Laybourn-Parry} } @article {1266, title = {Environmental factors associated with deep chlorophyll maxima in dry valley lakes, South Victoria Land, Antarctica}, journal = {Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research}, volume = {38}, year = {2006}, pages = {179-189}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, doi = {LTER}, author = {Burnett, L and Daryl L. Moorhead and Ian Hawes and Clive Howard-Williams} } @article {1272, title = {Measuring ecosystem response in a rapidly changing environment: the Latitudinal Gradient Project}, journal = {Antarctic Science.}, volume = {10}, year = {2006}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, doi = {LTER}, author = {Clive Howard-Williams and Peterson, D and W. Berry Lyons and Cattaneo-Vietti, R and Shulamit Gordon} } @inbook {1360, title = {Chemistry and lake dynamics of the Taylor Valley lakes, Antarctica: The importance of long-term monitoring.}, booktitle = {Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Caxton Press}, organization = {Caxton Press}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Kathleen A. Welch and Klaus Neumann and W. Berry Lyons and Diane M. McKnight}, editor = {Clive Howard-Williams and W. Davidson and P. Broady} } @inbook {1426, title = {Climate and hydrologic variations and implications for lake and stream ecological response in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica}, booktitle = {Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long Term Ecological Research Sites}, year = {2000}, pages = {174-195}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Kathleen A. Welch and W. Berry Lyons and Diane M. McKnight and Chris Jaros and Andrew G Fountain and Thomas H. Nylen and Peter T. Doran and Clive Howard-Williams}, editor = {D. Greenland and D. G. Goodin and R. C. Smith} } @inbook {1435, title = {Mixotrophy as a survival strategy among planktonic protozoa in Antarctic lakes}, booktitle = {Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for Wider Ecological Understanding}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Caxton Press}, organization = {Caxton Press}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Johanna Laybourn-Parry and Emily C. Roberts and Elanor R. Bell}, editor = {Clive Howard-Williams and W. Davidson and P. Broady} } @inbook {1520, title = {Optical Properties of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica}, series = {Antarctic Research Series}, volume = {72}, year = {1998}, pages = {189-203}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Clive Howard-Williams and Anne-Maree Schwarz and Ian Hawes and John C. Priscu} } @inbook {1526, title = {Primary Production Processes in Streams of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica}, series = {Antarctic Research Series}, volume = {72}, year = {1998}, pages = {129-140}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Ian Hawes and Clive Howard-Williams} } @article {1534, title = {Transparency of Antarctic ice-covered lakes to solar UV radiation}, journal = {Limnol. Oceanogr.}, volume = {43}, year = {1998}, pages = {618-624}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Warwick F. Vincent and Rowena Rae and Isabelle Laurion and Clive Howard-Williams and John C. Priscu} } @inbook {1544, title = {The abundance of planktonic virus-like particles in Antarctic lakes}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes}, year = {1997}, pages = {241-250}, publisher = {Balkema Press}, organization = {Balkema Press}, address = {Rotterdam}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Kepner, R.L. and Robert A. Wharton Jr. and Galchenko, V} } @inbook {1548, title = {Carbon dynamics of aquatic microbial mats in the Antarctic dry valleys: A modelling synthesis}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes}, year = {1997}, pages = {181-196}, publisher = {Balkema Press, Rotterdam}, organization = {Balkema Press, Rotterdam}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Daryl L. Moorhead and W. Shane Davis and Robert A. Wharton Jr.} } @inbook {1549, title = {Chemical weathering rates and reactions in the Lake Fryxell Basin, Taylor Valley : Comparison to temperate river basins}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes}, year = {1997}, pages = {147-154}, publisher = {Balkema Press, Rotterdam}, organization = {Balkema Press, Rotterdam}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {W. Berry Lyons and Kathleen A. Welch and C. A. Nezat and K. Crick and Jeffrey K. Toxey and J.A. Mastrine and Diane M. McKnight} } @inbook {1550, title = {Climate history of the McMurdo Dry Valleys since the last glacial maximum: A synthesis}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes}, year = {1997}, pages = {155-162}, publisher = {Balkema Press, Rotterdam}, organization = {Balkema Press, Rotterdam}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {W. Berry Lyons and Louis R. Bartek and Paul A. Mayewski and Peter T. Doran} } @inbook {1559, title = {The microbial loop in Antarctic lakes}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes}, year = {1997}, pages = {231-240}, publisher = {Balkema Press}, organization = {Balkema Press}, address = {Rotterdam}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Johanna Laybourn-Parry} } @inbook {1563, title = {Sources and sinks of nutrients in a polar desert stream, the Onyx River, Antarctica}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes}, year = {1997}, pages = {155-170}, publisher = {Balkema Press}, organization = {Balkema Press}, address = {Rotterdam}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Clive Howard-Williams and Ian Hawes and Anne-Maree Schwarz and Julie A. Hall} } @inbook {1564, title = {Species composition and primary production of algal communities in Dry Valley streams in Antarctica: Examination of the functional role of biodiversity}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes}, year = {1997}, pages = {171-179}, publisher = {Balkema Press, Rotterdam}, organization = {Balkema Press, Rotterdam}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {Dev K. Niyogi and Cathy M. Tate and Diane M. McKnight and John H. Duff and Alexander S. Alger} } @article {1657, title = {Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake and Regeneration in Perennially Ice-Covered Lakes Fryxell and Vanda, Antarctica}, journal = {Journal of Plankton Research}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {335-351}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {John C. Priscu and Warwick F. Vincent and Clive Howard-Williams} } @article {1660, title = {Diel Patterns of Photosynthate Biosynthesis by Phytoplankton in Permanently Ice-Covered Antarctic Lakes Under Continuous Sunlight}, journal = {Journal of Plankton Research}, volume = {10}, year = {1988}, pages = {333-340}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {John C. Priscu and Linda R. Priscu and Clive Howard-Williams and Warwick F. Vincent} } @article {1661, title = {Photosynthate Distribution by Microplankton in Permanently Ice-Covered Antarctic Desert Lakes}, journal = {Limnol. Oceanogr.}, volume = {32}, year = {1987}, pages = {260-270}, keywords = {LTER-MCM}, author = {John C. Priscu and Linda R. Priscu and Warwick F. Vincent and Clive Howard-Williams} }