<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edward Ayres</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson N. Nkem</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana H. Wall</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Byron Adams</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John E. Barrett</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broos, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrew N. Parsons</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breana L. Simmons</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of Human Trampling on Populations of Soil Fauna in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1544-1551</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Antarctic ecosystems are often considered nearly pristine because levels of anthropogenic disturbance are extremely low there. Nevertheless, over recent decades there has been a rapid increase in the number of people, researchers and tourists, visiting Antarctica. We evaluated, over 10 years, the direct impact of foot traffic on the abundance of soil animals and soil properties in Taylor Valley within the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. We compared soils from minimally disturbed areas with soils from nearby paths that received intermediate and high levels of human foot traffic (i.e., up to approximately 80 passes per year). The nematodes Scottnema lindsayae and Eudorylaimus sp. were the most commonly found animal species, whereas rotifers and tardigrades were found only occasionally. On the highly trampled footpaths, abundance of S. lindsayae and Eudorylaimus sp. was up to 52 and 76% lower, respectively, than in untrampled areas. Moreover, reduction in S. lindsayae abundance was more pronounced after 10 years than 2 years and in the surface soil than in the deeper soil, presumably because of the longer period of disturbance and the greater level of physical disturbance experienced by the surface soil. The ratio of living to dead Eudorylaimus sp. also declined with increased trampling intensity, which is indicative of increased mortality or reduced fecundity. At one site there was evidence that high levels of trampling reduced soil CO2 fluxes, which is related to total biological activity in the soil. Our results show that even low levels of human traffic can significantly affect soil biota in this ecosystem and may alter ecosystem processes, such as carbon cycling. Consequently, management and conservation plans for Antarctic soils should consider the high sensitivity of soil fauna to physical disturbance as human presence in this ecosystem increases.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John E. Barrett</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana H. Wall</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrew N. Parsons</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melody B. Burkins</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in biogeochemistry and soil biodiversity across spatial scales in a polar desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3105-3118</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div&gt;Desert ecosystems are characterized by distinct spatial patterning in soil&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;biogeochemistry and biodiversity. In the Antarctic Dry Valleys, soil polygons are prominent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;features of the landscape and may be key units for scaling local ecological information to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the greater region. We examined polygon soils in each of the three basins of Taylor Valley,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Antarctica. Our objectives were to characterize variability in soil biogeochemistry and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;biodiversity at local to regional scales, and to test the influence of soil properties upon&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;invertebrate communities. We found that soil biogeochemical properties and biodiversity&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;vary over multiple spatial scales from fine (,10 m) to broad (.10 km) scales. Differences&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in biogeochemistry were most pronounced at broad scales among the major lake basins of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Taylor Valley corresponding to differences in geology and microclimate, while variation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in invertebrate biodiversity and abundance occurred at landscape scales of 10&amp;ndash;500 m, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;within individual soil polygons. Variation in biogeochemistry and invertebrate communities&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;across these scales reflects the influence of physical processes and landscape development&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;over ecosystem structure in the dry valleys. The development of soil polygons influences&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the spatial patterning of soil properties such as soil organic matter, salinity, moisture, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;invertebrate habitat suitability. Nematode abundance and life history data indicate that&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;polygon interiors are more suitable habitats than soils in the troughs at the edges of polygons.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;These data suggest that physical processes (i.e., polygon development) and biogeochemistry&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;are important influences on the spatial variability of biotic communities in dry valley soil&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ecosystems.&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mengchi Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution, Community Structure, and Microhabitats of Soil Invertebrates along an Elevational Gradient in Taylor Valley</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alpine and Alpine Research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-141</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12923</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of human disturbance on soil nematode populations in Taylor Valley, Antarctica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America Supplement</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">360</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12922</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mengchi Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McMurdo LTER: Soil properties associated with nematode distribution along an elevational transect in Taylor Valley, Antarctica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antarctic Journal of the U.S.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">282-283</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12920</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mengchi Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil chemistry along a glacial chronosequence on Andrews Ridge, Taylor Valley</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antarctic Journal of the U.S.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">310-311</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12854</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial Distribution of Nematodes in Polar Desert Soils of Antarctica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polar Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">325-333</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12921</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depth distribution of soil nematodes in Taylor Valley, Antarctica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antarctic Journal of the U.S.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-176</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12917</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mengchi Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McMurdo LTER:Soil and nematode distribution along an elevational gradient in Taylor Valley, Antarctica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antarctic Journal of the U.S.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">228-229</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12916</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematode biodiversity and community structure in Antarctic Polar Desert Soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biggie</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12918</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematode biodiversity and survival in Antarctic Dry Valley soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCAR 6th Biology Symposium</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venice, Italy</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12837</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powers, Laura E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana W. Freckman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross A. Virginia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival of Scottnema lindsayae under extreme osmotic conditions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society of Nematologists</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER12919</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>