<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G. M. Marion</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. E. Murray</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, Bernd</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christian H. Fritsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenig, Fabien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter T. Doran</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon Sequestration and Release from Antarctic Lakes: Lake Vida and West Lake Bonney (McMurdo Dry Valleys)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aquatic Geochemistry</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aquat Geochem</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10498-012-9184-1http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10498-012-9184-1</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135 - 145</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;Perennial ice covers on many Antarctic lakes have resulted in high lake inorganic carbon contents. The objective of this paper was to evaluate and compare the brine and CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;chemistries of Lake Vida (Victoria Valley) and West Lake Bonney (Taylor Valley), two lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys (East Antarctica), and their potential consequences during global warming. An existing geochemical model (FREZCHEM-15) was used to convert measured molarity into molality needed for the FREZCHEM model, and this model added a new algorithm that converts measured DIC into carbonate alkalinity needed for the FREZCHEM model. While quite extensive geochemical information exists for ice-covered Taylor Valley lakes, such as West Lake Bonney, only limited information exists for the recently sampled brine of &amp;gt;25&amp;nbsp;m ice-thick Lake Vida. Lake Vida brine had a model-calculated pCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;0.60 bars at the field pH (6.20); West Lake Bonney had a model-calculated pCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;5.23&amp;nbsp;bars at the field pH (5.46). Despite the high degree of atmospheric CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;supersaturation in West Lake Bonney, it remains significantly undersaturated with the gas hydrate, CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;middot;6H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;O, unless these gas hydrates are deep in the sediment layer or are metastable having formed under colder temperatures or greater pressures. Because of lower temperatures, Lake Vida could start forming CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;middot;6H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;O at lower pCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;values than West Lake Bonney; but both lakes are significantly undersaturated with the gas hydrate, CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;middot;6H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;O. For both lakes, simulation of global warming from current subzero temperatures (&amp;minus;13.4&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C in Lake Vida and &amp;minus;4.7&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C in West Lake Bonney) to 10&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C has shown that a major loss of solution-phase carbon as CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;gases and carbonate minerals occurred when the temperatures rose above 0&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C and perennial ice covers would disappear. How important these Antarctic CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;sources will be for future global warming remains to be seen. But a recent paper has shown that methane increased in atmospheric concentration due to deglaciation about 10,000&amp;nbsp;years ago. So, CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;outline: 0px; font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1; vertical-align: text-bottom; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;release from ice lakes might contribute to atmospheric gases in the future.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">W. Berry Lyons</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kathleen A. 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