Schuyler R. BorgesLee F. StanishSarah N. PowerMark R. SalvatoreJohn "Jeb" E. BarrettEric R. SokolM. Ryleigh Davis 2023-09-25 tabular digitial data McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER 10.6073/pasta/4f8a2a5f2f4105ddbac3355b125f8815 https://mcm.lternet.edu/content/spectral-and-biological-characteristics-microbial-mats-and-mosses-across-fryxell-basin An intensive field campaign was conducted during the 2018-2019 austral summer to assess spectral and biological characteristics of multiple microbial mat types, as well as mosses, across nine ephemeral glacial meltwater streams in the Fryxell Basin of Taylor Valley, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. In addition to biological sample collection, hyperspectral visible/near-infrared (VNIR) measurements were conducted using an ASD FieldSpec4 spectrometer, corrected and averaged across each mat, moss, and soil type, and downsampled to the multispectral resolution of the WorldView-2 satellite. This package contains a detailed sample archive, associated images, biological characteristics that include ash free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll-a, and pigment concentrations, as well as hyperspectral and multispectral reflectance spectra.  Funding for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation grants #OPP-1758224 and #OPP-1745053 to Mark Salvatore, a Graduate Research Fellowship award to Schuyler Borges, and #OPP-1637708 and #OPP-2224760 to the MCM LTER for assistance with data management. 2018-12-06 2019-01-25 ground condition As needed This is the Taylor Valley, a subjectively approximated contour by San Gil. We use this to denote the geographical extent of studies that encompass the whole Taylor Valley.According to Wiki contributors, the Taylor Valley is the southernmost of the three large Dry Valleys in the Transantarctic Mountains, Victoria Land, located west of McMurdo Sound. The valley extends from Taylor Glacier in the west to McMurdo Sound at Explorers Cove at the northwest head of New Harbour in the east and is about 29 kilometres (18 mi) long. It was once occupied by the receding Taylor Glacier, from which it derives its name. Taylor Valley contains Lake Bonney in the west (inward), and Lake Fryxell in the east (coastward), and Lake Hoare, Lake Chad, Mummy Pond and Parera Pond close together between the two. Further east of Lake Bonney is Pearse Valley. Taylor Valley is separated from Wright Valley in the north by Asgard Range, and from Ferrar Glacier in the south by Kukri Hills. 163.624877929690 161.707763671880 -77.519802097166 -77.808487073526 LTER Core Areas organic matter primary production None <cntperp> <cntper>McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER Information Manager</cntper> </cntperp> <cntemail>im@mcmlter.org</cntemail> Name: Renée F. Brown Role: data manager Not Applicable Not Applicable Field and/or Lab Methods Field Methods During the 2018-2019 austral summer, an intensive field campaign was conducted across nine ephemeral glacial meltwater streams (Bowles Creek, Canada Stream, Commonwealth Stream, Crescent Stream, Huey Creek, Lost Seal Stream, McKnight Creek, a Relict Channel, and Von Guerard Stream) in the Fryxell Basin of Taylor Valley, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. 196 hyperspectral VNIR reflectance spectra were collected of individual and mixed microbial mat and moss communities using an ASD hyperspectral FieldSpec4 spectroradiometer (Malvern Panalytical). Measurements were referenced against a white Spectralon calibration target every 20-30 minutes or when illumination conditions changed. For each spectral measurement, it was broadly noted whether these microbial communities were dry, wet, or inundated. 139 of the total spectra were collected centimeters above the mat, moss, soil, or water (if inundated) in direct sunlight, representing 100% of that biological community or geologic material. 51 of the total spectra were collected around 140 cm above the ground and taken within a 30 cm diameter plastic ring where the percentage of mat, moss, and soil were adjusted between 0 - 100%. Other soil measurements were collected within six 20 x 20 m plots. In each plot, 75 spectra were collected approximately five feet, nine inches above the ground and averaged to produce six different hyperspectral measurements also included in this database. These plots were established for an atmospheric correction technique used in Salvatore et al. 2021. All hyperspectral measurements collected in the field were first splice corrected and then corrected using white reference measurements. Hyperspectral measurements were then averaged for each mat, moss, or soil type and downsampled to the resolution of the WorldView-2 satellite using methods outlined in Salvatore et al. 2021, which uses the spectral bandpass information contained in Updike and Comp 2010. Downsampling involves multiplying the filter responses for each band of the WV2 sensors by the hyperspectral measurements at each wavelength and summing all these values before dividing them by the sum of the filter responses at each band. Alongside approximately half of all hyperspectral measurements, samples of 209 individual and mixed microbial mat and moss community types were collected within nine streams. Mat/moss types were categorized into thirteen different groups (see "mat_id" in the "archive" metadata for codes and descriptions). Red mat and sandy orange mat were classified as being pink and rubbery (red mat) and tan with a large soil matrix (sandy orange mat), but the true diversity of these communities cannot fully be represented in these simplified categories. Microbial mat, moss, and sediment samples were collected using standard MCMLTER methods: briefly, a #13 (13 mm) brass cork borer (2.27 cm2 diameter) was inserted into the mat to the underlying sediment and transferred to a sterile Whirl-Pak bag and filled with water from the stream. Tweezers were used when needed to transfer samples from the cork borer to the bag. For sediment samples, a credit card sized area was sampled to a depth of 1 cm and transferred to a Whirl-Pak bag . Samples that were dry at the time of collection did not have stream water added and remained dry. Three samples were collected for subsequent analyses that included ash-free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll-a, and other pigment measurements. Samples for ash-free dry mass and chlorophyll were filtered in the lab, wrapped in foil, and stored in the freezer. Pigment samples were filtered, put into cryovials, and then placed in liquid N2 for storage. Images were taken of microbial mats and mosses and include .jpg and .NEF file formats (.NEF files are Digital Hemispherical Photos taken following the NSF NEON protocol and have not been processed for further analyses). The coordinates (in decimal degrees) for the top left and bottom right corners of each square plot are indicated below: Plot 1 for Bowles Creek Top left corner = 163.053355 -77.624338 Bottom right corner = 163.052458 -77.624139 Plot 2 for Bowles Creek Top left corner = 163.054699 -77.623749 Bottom right corner = 163.053781 -77.623545 Plot 1 for McKnight Creek Top left corner = 163.269950 -77.597359 Bottom right corner = 163.269018 -77.597152 Plot 2 for McKnight Creek Top left corner = 163.277794 -77.595986 Bottom right corner = 163.276990 -77.595800 Plot 1 for Crescent Stream Top left corner = 163.202502 -77.649683 Bottom right corner = 163.201635 -77.649490 Plot 2 for Crescent Stream Top left corner = 163.205806 -77.649483 Bottom right corner = 163.204937 -77.649286 Plot 1 for Canada Stream Top left corner = 163.072247 -77.614833 Bottom right corner = 163.071364 -77.614626 Plot 2 for Canada Stream Top left corner = 163.047767 -77.613291 Bottom right corner = 163.046902 -77.613099 Plot 3 for Canada Stream Top left corner = 163.041647 -77.616134 Bottom right corner = 163.040718 -77.615932 Plot 1 for a relict channel Top left corner = 163.284574 -77.625897 Bottom right corner = 163.283711 -77.625703 Plot 2 for a relict channel Top left corner = 163.288517 -77.628270 Bottom right corner = 163.287635 -77.628074 Laboratory Methods Algal AFDM and chlorophyll-a measurements were conducted in the Crary Lab at McMurdo Station. For AFDM, wet mass of samples were measured and dried at 100°C for 24 hours. Dried samples were weighed to obtain the dry mass, followed by combustion in a muffle furnace at 450 °C for four and a half hours. Ash-free dry mass measurements were calculated by subtracting the ashed mass from the dry mass. Percent organic matter was calculated by dividing the ash-free dry mass by the dry mass and multiplying by 100. Chlorophyll-a samples were analyzed using a fluorometer. In a dark room, samples (including filter) were transferred to vials and 15 mL of a 90% acetone solution were added to each vial. Vials were vortexed for 15 seconds and transferred to 4 °C to extract for 24 hours. The vials were vortexed twice during the extraction period. Samples were diluted in 90% acetone as needed to be within instrument calibration range and 4mL were transferred to a cuvette and inserted into a Turner Designs 10-AU field fluorometer (Kohler 2018). The fluorometer was calibrated using a stock chlorophyll-a solution at multiple solutions to create a standard curve. The relationship between fluorescence and the concentrations of standards were applied to the sample measurements to obtain a chlorophyll-a measurement. Final chlorophyll-a concentration was calculated by adjusting for the dilution, which varied for each sample. Concentrations of chlorophyll were calculated using the McMurdo Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Stream Team methods (see Kohler 2018). Samples for detailed pigment analysis were freeze-dried in the Crary Lab in cryovials for 24-48 hours before being removed and stored in opaque nalgene containers at -20 °C. Samples were shipped frozen to Virginia Tech (USA) for storage prior to analyses. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on 53 pigment samples in the Paerl Laboratory at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill’s Institute of Marine Science in Morehead City, NC. Samples were weighed, and ~0.25 g of each sample was placed in a falcon tube for extraction. 1 mL of 100% HPLC-grade acetone was added to each falcon tube sonicated for 15 sec using a Sonics Ultrasonic Disruptor with microtip. Falcon tubes were stored dark in aluminum foil at -20°C for 20 - 24 hours. After extraction, 0.5 mL of the supernatant was filtered into amber glass autosampler vials using a syringe driven filter, Millipex Millipore 0.45 µm PTFE. Samples were kept chilled at 4°C and 200 µl of extract was injected into an HPLC system (Shimadzu system controller model CBM-20A, solvent delivery module LC-20AB) with an in-line UV/Vis photodiode array spectrophotometer (Shimadzu SPD-M20A; Pinckney et al., 1996, Jeffrey et al., 1997, Pinckney et al., 1999). The binary gradient consisted of solvent A (80% methanol: 20% ammonium acetate) and solvent B (80% methanol: 20% acetone). The extracts’ absorbance was measured by scanning the range of 350 - 700 nm every 1.28 sec. The data were collected and analyzed using Shimadzu’s LabSolutions Lite software, where individual pigments were identified using a combination of peak retention time, absorbance spectrum shape/signature, maximum wavelength and the similarity match of the unknown pigment to a standard. A multi-point calibration curve was generated by injection volumes of known quantities of pure pigment standards (manufactured from DHI, Denmark) and then calculating the peak areas of those pigments. The peak areas were then used to calculate the slope (response factor) for each pigment. Response factors were pigments that we did not have reference standards for were calculated using the ratio of the absorbance coefficients of each pigment to its closest structurally related reference pigment (peridinin in the case of scytonemin and scytonemin-red), multiplying the known pigment’s response factor by that ratio. Then, pigments extracted from the samples are quantified by multiplying the peak areas of a chromatogram at specific wavelengths by the response factors. Specifically, while the absorption maxima varies for each of the pigments analyzed, the Paerl Lab had chosen 440 nm as the baseline for efficiently quantifying all relevant pigments peak areas. Scytonemin is the most concentrated pigment in most of our samples, so we chose to calculate this one based on its own absorption maximum baseline. The absorption maximum for scytonemin and scytonemin-red in acetone is documented as 384 nm (Garcia-Pichel and Castenholz, 1991) and was visually identified as 388 nm based on the HPLC measurements, so peak areas for scytonemin and scytonemin-red were calculated using this 388 nm baseline. For the mass concentrations, the sample mass was subsampled from the total mass, and for areal concentrations, total area of the sample was determined from the AFDM measurements and subsampled for these analyses. Mass and areal concentrations were included in this data package and calculated as follows: ug/g pigment = [peak area]*[response factor]/[inj. vol.]*[filt. extr. vol.)]/[sample mass] and ug/cm2 pigment = [peak area]*[response factor]/[inj.vol.]*[filt. extr .vol.]/[sample area] Field Methods During the 2018-2019 austral summer, an intensive field campaign was conducted across nine ephemeral glacial meltwater streams (Bowles Creek, Canada Stream, Commonwealth Stream, Crescent Stream, Huey Creek, Lost Seal Stream, McKnight Creek, a Relict Channel, and Von Guerard Stream) in the Fryxell Basin of Taylor Valley, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. 196 hyperspectral VNIR reflectance spectra were collected of individual and mixed microbial mat and moss communities using an ASD hyperspectral FieldSpec4 spectroradiometer (Malvern Panalytical). Measurements were referenced against a white Spectralon calibration target every 20-30 minutes or when illumination conditions changed. For each spectral measurement, it was broadly noted whether these microbial communities were dry, wet, or inundated. 139 of the total spectra were collected centimeters above the mat, moss, soil, or water (if inundated) in direct sunlight, representing 100% of that biological community or geologic material. 51 of the total spectra were collected around 140 cm above the ground and taken within a 30 cm diameter plastic ring where the percentage of mat, moss, and soil were adjusted between 0 - 100%. Other soil measurements were collected within six 20 x 20 m plots. In each plot, 75 spectra were collected approximately five feet, nine inches above the ground and averaged to produce six different hyperspectral measurements also included in this database. These plots were established for an atmospheric correction technique used in Salvatore et al. 2021. All hyperspectral measurements collected in the field were first splice corrected and then corrected using white reference measurements. Hyperspectral measurements were then averaged for each mat, moss, or soil type and downsampled to the resolution of the WorldView-2 satellite using methods outlined in Salvatore et al. 2021, which uses the spectral bandpass information contained in Updike and Comp 2010. Downsampling involves multiplying the filter responses for each band of the WV2 sensors by the hyperspectral measurements at each wavelength and summing all these values before dividing them by the sum of the filter responses at each band.Alongside approximately half of all hyperspectral measurements, samples of 209 individual and mixed microbial mat and moss community types were collected within nine streams. Mat/moss types were categorized into thirteen different groups (see "mat_id" in the "archive" metadata for codes and descriptions). Red mat and sandy orange mat were classified as being pink and rubbery (red mat) and tan with a large soil matrix (sandy orange mat), but the true diversity of these communities cannot fully be represented in these simplified categories. Microbial mat, moss, and sediment samples were collected using standard MCMLTER methods: briefly, a #13 (13 mm) brass cork borer (2.27 cm2 diameter) was inserted into the mat to the underlying sediment and transferred to a sterile Whirl-Pak bag and filled with water from the stream. Tweezers were used when needed to transfer samples from the cork borer to the bag. For sediment samples, a credit card sized area was sampled to a depth of 1 cm and transferred to a Whirl-Pak bag . Samples that were dry at the time of collection did not have stream water added and remained dry. Three samples were collected for subsequent analyses that included ash-free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll-a, and other pigment measurements. Samples for ash-free dry mass and chlorophyll were filtered in the lab, wrapped in foil, and stored in the freezer. Pigment samples were filtered, put into cryovials, and then placed in liquid N2 for storage.Images were taken of microbial mats and mosses and include .jpg and .NEF file formats (.NEF files are Digital Hemispherical Photos taken following the NSF NEON protocol and have not been processed for further analyses).The coordinates (in decimal degrees) for the top left and bottom right corners of each square plot are indicated below:Plot 1 for Bowles CreekTop left corner = 163.053355 -77.624338Bottom right corner = 163.052458 -77.624139Plot 2 for Bowles CreekTop left corner = 163.054699 -77.623749Bottom right corner = 163.053781 -77.623545Plot 1 for McKnight CreekTop left corner = 163.269950 -77.597359Bottom right corner = 163.269018 -77.597152Plot 2 for McKnight CreekTop left corner = 163.277794 -77.595986Bottom right corner = 163.276990 -77.595800Plot 1 for Crescent StreamTop left corner = 163.202502 -77.649683Bottom right corner = 163.201635 -77.649490Plot 2 for Crescent StreamTop left corner = 163.205806 -77.649483Bottom right corner = 163.204937 -77.649286Plot 1 for Canada StreamTop left corner = 163.072247 -77.614833Bottom right corner = 163.071364 -77.614626Plot 2 for Canada StreamTop left corner = 163.047767 -77.613291Bottom right corner = 163.046902 -77.613099Plot 3 for Canada StreamTop left corner = 163.041647 -77.616134Bottom right corner = 163.040718 -77.615932Plot 1 for a relict channelTop left corner = 163.284574 -77.625897Bottom right corner = 163.283711 -77.625703Plot 2 for a relict channelTop left corner = 163.288517 -77.628270Bottom right corner = 163.287635 -77.628074Laboratory Methods Algal AFDM and chlorophyll-a measurements were conducted in the Crary Lab at McMurdo Station. For AFDM, wet mass of samples were measured and dried at 100°C for 24 hours. Dried samples were weighed to obtain the dry mass, followed by combustion in a muffle furnace at 450 °C for four and a half hours. Ash-free dry mass measurements were calculated by subtracting the ashed mass from the dry mass. Percent organic matter was calculated by dividing the ash-free dry mass by the dry mass and multiplying by 100.Chlorophyll-a samples were analyzed using a fluorometer. In a dark room, samples (including filter) were transferred to vials and 15 mL of a 90% acetone solution were added to each vial. Vials were vortexed for 15 seconds and transferred to 4 °C to extract for 24 hours. The vials were vortexed twice during the extraction period. Samples were diluted in 90% acetone as needed to be within instrument calibration range and 4mL were transferred to a cuvette and inserted into a Turner Designs 10-AU field fluorometer (Kohler 2018). The fluorometer was calibrated using a stock chlorophyll-a solution at multiple solutions to create a standard curve. The relationship between fluorescence and the concentrations of standards were applied to the sample measurements to obtain a chlorophyll-a measurement. Final chlorophyll-a concentration was calculated by adjusting for the dilution, which varied for each sample. Concentrations of chlorophyll were calculated using the McMurdo Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Stream Team methods (see Kohler 2018).Samples for detailed pigment analysis were freeze-dried in the Crary Lab in cryovials for 24-48 hours before being removed and stored in opaque nalgene containers at -20 °C. Samples were shipped frozen to Virginia Tech (USA) for storage prior to analyses.High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on 53 pigment samples in the Paerl Laboratory at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill’s Institute of Marine Science in Morehead City, NC. Samples were weighed, and ~0.25 g of each sample was placed in a falcon tube for extraction. 1 mL of 100% HPLC-grade acetone was added to each falcon tube sonicated for 15 sec using a Sonics Ultrasonic Disruptor with microtip. Falcon tubes were stored dark in aluminum foil at -20°C for 20 - 24 hours. After extraction, 0.5 mL of the supernatant was filtered into amber glass autosampler vials using a syringe driven filter, Millipex Millipore 0.45 µm PTFE. Samples were kept chilled at 4°C and 200 µl of extract was injected into an HPLC system (Shimadzu system controller model CBM-20A, solvent delivery module LC-20AB) with an in-line UV/Vis photodiode array spectrophotometer (Shimadzu SPD-M20A; Pinckney et al., 1996, Jeffrey et al., 1997, Pinckney et al., 1999). The binary gradient consisted of solvent A (80% methanol: 20% ammonium acetate) and solvent B (80% methanol: 20% acetone). The extracts’ absorbance was measured by scanning the range of 350 - 700 nm every 1.28 sec. The data were collected and analyzed using Shimadzu’s LabSolutions Lite software, where individual pigments were identified using a combination of peak retention time, absorbance spectrum shape/signature, maximum wavelength and the similarity match of the unknown pigment to a standard. A multi-point calibration curve was generated by injection volumes of known quantities of pure pigment standards (manufactured from DHI, Denmark) and then calculating the peak areas of those pigments. The peak areas were then used to calculate the slope (response factor) for each pigment. Response factors were pigments that we did not have reference standards for were calculated using the ratio of the absorbance coefficients of each pigment to its closest structurally related reference pigment (peridinin in the case of scytonemin and scytonemin-red), multiplying the known pigment’s response factor by that ratio. Then, pigments extracted from the samples are quantified by multiplying the peak areas of a chromatogram at specific wavelengths by the response factors. Specifically, while the absorption maxima varies for each of the pigments analyzed, the Paerl Lab had chosen 440 nm as the baseline for efficiently quantifying all relevant pigments peak areas. Scytonemin is the most concentrated pigment in most of our samples, so we chose to calculate this one based on its own absorption maximum baseline. The absorption maximum for scytonemin and scytonemin-red in acetone is documented as 384 nm (Garcia-Pichel and Castenholz, 1991) and was visually identified as 388 nm based on the HPLC measurements, so peak areas for scytonemin and scytonemin-red were calculated using this 388 nm baseline. For the mass concentrations, the sample mass was subsampled from the total mass, and for areal concentrations, total area of the sample was determined from the AFDM measurements and subsampled for these analyses.Mass and areal concentrations were included in this data package and calculated as follows:ug/g pigment = [peak area]*[response factor]/[inj. vol.]*[filt. extr. vol.)]/[sample mass]andug/cm2 pigment = [peak area]*[response factor]/[inj.vol.]*[filt. extr .vol.]/[sample area] unknown b235-archive Spectral and biological sample archive Dataset code Internal dataset code. The data provider Internal dataset code. Unique ID Unique identifier associated with each measurement. The data provider Unique identifier associated with each measurement. Date collected Date of the measurement in NZDT (GMT+13). The data provider calendar date/time MM/DD/YYYY gregorian calendar Time collected Time of the measurement in NZDT (GMT+13) if known. The data provider calendar date/time HH:MM:SS gregorian calendar Stream name The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. The data provider The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. Site ID Site identifier corresponding with the location where the measurement was taken. BOW = Bowles Creek, CAN = Canada Stream, CRE = Crescent Stream, COM = Commonwealth Stream, HUE = Huey Creek, LSS = Lost Seal Stream, MCK = McKnight Creek, PLA = relict channel, VON = Von Guerard Stream The data provider Site identifier corresponding with the location where the measurement was taken. BOW = Bowles Creek, CAN = Canada Stream, CRE = Crescent Stream, COM = Commonwealth Stream, HUE = Huey Creek, LSS = Lost Seal Stream, MCK = McKnight Creek, PLA = relict channel, VON = Von Guerard Stream Plot ID Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. The data provider Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. Subplot ID Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. The data provider Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. Mat type Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. The data provider Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. Mat ID Identifier corresponding with microbial mat type, moss, or soil. A = moss/black mat (mostly moss with black mat on top), B = black mat, C = black/orange mat, D = black/red mat, E = black/red/orange mat, F = black mat/moss (mostly black mat with moss on top), G = tan (sandy orange/tan) mat, H = red/orange mat (red mat with orange on top), M = moss, N = green mat, O = orange mat, R = red mat, S = bare soil/rock, Y = black/moss/orange (black mat/moss with orange mat on top) The data provider Identifier corresponding with microbial mat type, moss, or soil. A = moss/black mat (mostly moss with black mat on top), B = black mat, C = black/orange mat, D = black/red mat, E = black/red/orange mat, F = black mat/moss (mostly black mat with moss on top), G = tan (sandy orange/tan) mat, H = red/orange mat (red mat with orange on top), M = moss, N = green mat, O = orange mat, R = red mat, S = bare soil/rock, Y = black/moss/orange (black mat/moss with orange mat on top) Moisture content Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. The data provider Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. Data type Indicates if this microbial mat or moss was measured for spectral data only (spec), spectral data that was specifically a mixture between mat/moss and soil collected within the 30 cm diameter circle (ring), both spectral and biological data (joint), or biological data only (bio). Some microbial mats and moss in this database were only analyzed for spectral, biological, both spectral and biological, or spectral data of geological and biological materials. spec = spectral data collected ~3 cm above measured surface, ring = spectral data collected ~140 cm above measured surface and is a mixture of geological and biological materials, joint = spectral and biological data (spectral data collected ~3 cm above measured surface, e.g. no mixtures), bio = biological data collected of chlorophyll, ash-free dry mass, percent organic matter, and various pigments The data provider Indicates if this microbial mat or moss was measured for spectral data only (spec), spectral data that was specifically a mixture between mat/moss and soil collected within the 30 cm diameter circle (ring), both spectral and biological data (joint), or biological data only (bio). Some microbial mats and moss in this database were only analyzed for spectral, biological, both spectral and biological, or spectral data of geological and biological materials. spec = spectral data collected ~3 cm above measured surface, ring = spectral data collected ~140 cm above measured surface and is a mixture of geological and biological materials, joint = spectral and biological data (spectral data collected ~3 cm above measured surface, e.g. no mixtures), bio = biological data collected of chlorophyll, ash-free dry mass, percent organic matter, and various pigments Latitude The latitude of the coordinates where the measurement was taken (in decimal degrees). The data provider The latitude of the coordinates where the measurement was taken (in decimal degrees). Longitude The longitude of the coordinates where the measurement was taken (in decimal degrees). The data provider The longitude of the coordinates where the measurement was taken (in decimal degrees). Sample name Names associated with biological samples. Format: site_id + date + plot + subplot + mat_id + number_of_cores. The data provider Names associated with biological samples. Format: site_id + date + plot + subplot + mat_id + number_of_cores. Sample ID Identifiers associated with biological samples. All biological samples were numbered upon collection, starting at 1. The data provider Identifiers associated with biological samples. All biological samples were numbered upon collection, starting at 1. Sample type Was the sample a unique "sample" or a "duplicate"? The data provider Was the sample a unique "sample" or a "duplicate"? Number of cores The number of cores collected for the associated sample. The data provider The number of cores collected for the associated sample. Spectral ID Identifiers associated with spectral measurements. Format is generally = site_id + plot (if applicable) + date + mat_id + moisture_content + the number of the field spectrometer measurement. Other label information sometimes appears between the stream name or plot number and date, which indicates the type of measurement collected (opp = opportunistic or all measurements of 100% of the mat or moss type being measured, ring = ring measurement). The data provider Identifiers associated with spectral measurements. Format is generally = site_id + plot (if applicable) + date + mat_id + moisture_content + the number of the field spectrometer measurement. Other label information sometimes appears between the stream name or plot number and date, which indicates the type of measurement collected (opp = opportunistic or all measurements of 100% of the mat or moss type being measured, ring = ring measurement). Photo ID Filename(s) of the name of the photo(s) taken at the time and place of the associated measurement. The data provider Filename(s) of the name of the photo(s) taken at the time and place of the associated measurement. Description Raw notes/observations collected in the field. Notes in this column describe the plots and subplots, microbial mats/moss being measured, stream characteristics in this area, and which data types were collected. Notes in this section did not always determine the mat type assigned to a measurement. Refer to the photoIDs column for images of the samples if there is not enough information from this column. The data provider Raw notes/observations collected in the field. Notes in this column describe the plots and subplots, microbial mats/moss being measured, stream characteristics in this area, and which data types were collected. Notes in this section did not always determine the mat type assigned to a measurement. Refer to the photoIDs column for images of the samples if there is not enough information from this column. Filtering remarks. Any relevant notes taken when biological samples were filtered. The data provider Any relevant notes taken when biological samples were filtered. Freezer remarks. Any relevant notes taken when biological samples were frozen. The data provider Any relevant notes taken when biological samples were frozen. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-borges-archive-20230925_0.csv None b235-biomass AFDM and Chlorophyll-a Dataset code Internal dataset code. The data provider Internal dataset code. Unique ID Unique identifier associated with each measurement. The data provider Unique identifier associated with each measurement. Sample ID Identifiers associated with biological samples. All biological samples were numbered upon collection, starting at 1. The data provider Identifiers associated with biological samples. All biological samples were numbered upon collection, starting at 1. Date collected Date of the measurement in NZDT (GMT+13). The data provider calendar date/time MM/DD/YYYY gregorian calendar Stream name The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. The data provider The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. Site ID Site identifier corresponding with the location where the measurement was taken. BOW = Bowles Creek, CAN = Canada Stream, CRE = Crescent Stream, COM = Commonwealth Stream, HUE = Huey Creek, LSS = Lost Seal Stream, MCK = McKnight Creek, PLA = relict channel, VON = Von Guerard Stream The data provider Site identifier corresponding with the location where the measurement was taken. BOW = Bowles Creek, CAN = Canada Stream, CRE = Crescent Stream, COM = Commonwealth Stream, HUE = Huey Creek, LSS = Lost Seal Stream, MCK = McKnight Creek, PLA = relict channel, VON = Von Guerard Stream Plot ID Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. The data provider Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. Subplot ID Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. The data provider Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. Mat type Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. The data provider Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. Moisture content Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. The data provider Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. AFDM Ash free dry mass (AFDM) concentration. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Chlorophyll a Concentration of chlorophyll-a measured with the fluorometer. Measured in micrograms per centimeter squared unless otherwise noted in "biomass_remarks." The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Remarks Any relevant notes about the AFDM and/or chlorophyll-a measurements. The data provider Any relevant notes about the AFDM and/or chlorophyll-a measurements. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-stanish-biomass-20230925.csv None b235-pigment_areal Pigment concentrations by areal coverage Dataset code Internal dataset code. The data provider Internal dataset code. Unique ID Unique identifier associated with each measurement. The data provider Unique identifier associated with each measurement. Sample ID Identifiers associated with biological samples. All biological samples were numbered upon collection, starting at 1. The data provider Identifiers associated with biological samples. All biological samples were numbered upon collection, starting at 1. Date collected Date of the measurement in NZDT (GMT+13). The data provider calendar date/time MM/DD/YYYY gregorian calendar Stream name The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. The data provider The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. Plot ID Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. The data provider Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. Subplot ID Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. The data provider Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. Mat type Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. The data provider Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. Moisture content Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. The data provider Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. Alloxanthin Alloxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Antheraxanthin Antheraxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Beta Carotene Beta Carotene pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared 19'-Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin 19'-Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Chlorophyll-a Chlorophyll-a pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Chlorophyll-b Chlorophyll-b pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Chlorophyll-c1+c2 Chlorophyll-c1+c2 pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Chlorophyllide-a Chlorophyllide-a pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Total Chlorophyll-a Total Chlorophyll-a pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Diadinoxanthin Diadinoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Diatoxanthin Diatoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Echinenone Echinenone pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Fucoxanthin Fucoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Gyroxanthin Gyroxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared 19'-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin 19'-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Lutein Lutein pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Myxoxanthopyll Myxoxanthopyll pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared 9'-cis-neoxanthin 9'-cis-neoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Scytonemin Scytonemin pigment measured at 388 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Scytonemin Red Scytonemin Red pigment measured at 388 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Violaxanthin Violaxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Zeaxanthin Zeaxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared HPLC File ID File ID used for each HPLC measurement. The data provider File ID used for each HPLC measurement. Remarks Any relevant comments about the HPLC analyses. The data provider Any relevant comments about the HPLC analyses. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-stanish-pigment_areal-20231004_0.csv None b235-pigment_mass Pigment concentrations by mass Dataset code Internal dataset code. The data provider Internal dataset code. Unique ID Unique identifier associated with each measurement. The data provider Unique identifier associated with each measurement. Sample ID Identifiers associated with biological samples. All biological samples were numbered upon collection, starting at 1. The data provider Identifiers associated with biological samples. All biological samples were numbered upon collection, starting at 1. Date collected Date of the measurement in NZDT (GMT+13). The data provider calendar date/time MM/DD/YYYY gregorian calendar Stream name The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. The data provider The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. Plot ID Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. The data provider Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. Subplot ID Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. The data provider Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. Mat type Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. The data provider Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. Moisture content Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. The data provider Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. Alloxanthin Alloxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerCentimeterSquared Antheraxanthin Antheraxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Beta Carotene Beta Carotene pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram 19'-Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin 19'-Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Chlorophyll-a Chlorophyll-a pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Chlorophyll-b Chlorophyll-b pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Chlorophyll-c1+c2 Chlorophyll-c1+c2 pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Chlorophyllide-a Chlorophyllide-a pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Total Chlorophyll-a Total Chlorophyll-a pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Diadinoxanthin Diadinoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Diatoxanthin Diatoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Echinenone Echinenone pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Fucoxanthin Fucoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Gyroxanthin Gyroxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram 19'-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin 19'-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Lutein Lutein pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Myxoxanthopyll Myxoxanthopyll pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram 9'-cis-neoxanthin 9'-cis-neoxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Scytonemin Scytonemin pigment measured at 388 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Scytonemin Red Scytonemin Red pigment measured at 388 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Violaxanthin Violaxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram Zeaxanthin Zeaxanthin pigment measured at 440 nm. The data provider microgramsPerGram HPLC File ID File ID used for each HPLC measurement. The data provider File ID used for each HPLC measurement. Remarks Any relevant comments about the HPLC analyses. The data provider Any relevant comments about the HPLC analyses. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-stanish-pigment_mass-20231004_0.csv None b235-hyperspectral Hyperspectral data Dataset code Internal dataset code. The data provider Internal dataset code. Unique ID Unique identifier associated with each measurement. The data provider Unique identifier associated with each measurement. Spectral ID Identifiers associated with spectral measurements. Format is generally = site_id + plot (if applicable) + date + mat_id + moisture_content + the number of the field spectrometer measurement. Other label information sometimes appears between the stream name or plot number and date, which indicates the type of measurement collected (opp = opportunistic or all measurements of 100% of the mat or moss type being measured, ring = ring measurement). The data provider Identifiers associated with spectral measurements. Format is generally = site_id + plot (if applicable) + date + mat_id + moisture_content + the number of the field spectrometer measurement. Other label information sometimes appears between the stream name or plot number and date, which indicates the type of measurement collected (opp = opportunistic or all measurements of 100% of the mat or moss type being measured, ring = ring measurement). Date collected Date of the measurement in NZDT (GMT+13). The data provider calendar date/time MM/DD/YYYY gregorian calendar Stream name The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. The data provider The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. Plot ID Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. The data provider Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. Subplot ID Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. The data provider Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. Mat type Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. The data provider Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. Moisture content Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. The data provider Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. Band Wavelength band of reflectance. Wavelengths span 350 to 2500 nanometers. The data provider nanometer Reflectance Reflectance values (unitless) associated with each band and measurement. The data provider Reflectance values (unitless) associated with each band and measurement. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-borges-hyperspectral-20230925.csv None b235-multispectral Multispectral data Dataset code Internal dataset code. The data provider Internal dataset code. Unique ID Unique identifier associated with each measurement. The data provider Unique identifier associated with each measurement. Spectral ID Identifiers associated with spectral measurements. Format is generally = site_id + plot (if applicable) + date + mat_id + moisture_content + the number of the field spectrometer measurement. Other label information sometimes appears between the stream name or plot number and date, which indicates the type of measurement collected (opp = opportunistic or all measurements of 100% of the mat or moss type being measured, ring = ring measurement). The data provider Identifiers associated with spectral measurements. Format is generally = site_id + plot (if applicable) + date + mat_id + moisture_content + the number of the field spectrometer measurement. Other label information sometimes appears between the stream name or plot number and date, which indicates the type of measurement collected (opp = opportunistic or all measurements of 100% of the mat or moss type being measured, ring = ring measurement). Date collected Date of the measurement in NZDT (GMT+13). The data provider calendar date/time MM/DD/YYYY gregorian calendar Stream name The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. The data provider The name of the stream where the measurement was taken. Plot ID Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. The data provider Plot identifier within the stream where the measurement was conducted. See methods for further details. Subplot ID Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. The data provider Identifier for 1 x 1 m subplots that were randomly generated in the Esri geographic information system software, ArcGIS, within the 20 x 20 m plots and surveyed for mat and moss cover. Mat type Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. The data provider Microbial mat type, moss, or soil. Moisture content Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. The data provider Saturated, dry or inundated microbial mat. If the mat was moist or wet, it was considered saturated. Band Wavelength of reflectance corresponding with bands from the WorldView-2 satellite: 0.427 um, 0.482 um, 0.546 um, 0.608 um, 0.659 um, 0.724 um, 0.831 um, and 0.908 um. The data provider micrometer Reflectance Reflectance values (unitless) associated with each band and measurement. The data provider Reflectance values (unitless) associated with each band and measurement. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-borges-multispectral-20230925.csv None b235-photos-101D3400 Photos taken during measurements, where filenames begin with "101D3400." Complete filenames can be found in the "archive" dataset under the "photo_id" column, along with associated metadata. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-borges-photos-101D3400.zip None b235-photos-102D3400 Photos taken during measurements, where filenames begin with "102D3400." Complete filenames can be found in the "archive" dataset under the "photo_id" column, along with associated metadata. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-borges-photos-102D3400.zip None b235-photos-201901 Photos taken during measurements, where filenames begin with "201901." Complete filenames can be found in the "archive" dataset under the "photo_id" column, along with associated metadata. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-borges-photos-201901.zip None b235-photos-DSC Photos taken during measurements, where filenames begin with "DSC." Complete filenames can be found in the "archive" dataset under the "photo_id" column, along with associated metadata. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-borges-photos-DSC.zip None b235-photos-IMG Photos taken during measurements, where filenames begin with "IMG." Complete filenames can be found in the "archive" dataset under the "photo_id" column, along with associated metadata. McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER The data distributor shall not be liable for innacuracies in the content http 1 0 1 column , https://mcm.lternet.edu/sites/default/files/data/b235-borges-photos-IMG.zip None 2023-09-25 2023-09-25 McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER http://mcmlter.org/ Biological Data Profile of the Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata devised by the Federal Geographic Data Committee. Drupal Ecological information Management Systems, version D7, Biological Data Profile module